Significance:
Freshwater and terrestrial molluscs, mammal bones (incl. hyena dens, micromammals in owl pellets etc), teeth and horn cores, trace fossils, (eg calcretised termitaria, rhizoliths, coprolites, gastroliths, ostrich eggs, shells etc), vascular plants in pedocretes (eg. silcretes), lignites with fossil wood (silicified/carbonised), leaves, pollen of vascular plants, diatoms
Ancient to modern alluvium including palaeodrainage systems eg Karoo River, Olifants River, Kwaggas Kop Formation)Pedocretes (eg silcretes, calcretes, ferricretes) such as the Grahamstown Formation Tg (Miocene or older? Cretaceous/Palaeocene)Cave depositsSpring depositsLake/marsh and pan depositsMiocene to recent
Record of changing climates, fauna and vegetation since Gondwana fragmentation. See also archaeological literature eg Boomplaas and Cango CavesImportant Miocene Lignites with wood, pollens in Knysna Fm and Elandsfontyn Fm at Noordhoek (Cape Peninsula). Pollens also from Cederberg, Verlorenvlei. Boomplaas etc. Silicified wood from Olifants River gravels, Vredendal (Miocene)Kwagga's Kop Fm of the Vanrhynsdorp Area (Late Neogene) - Unidentified vertebrate remains
